Students, I'm posting this to give you and idea of the level of detail needed in the outline for your research paper. The most important thing to notice is how you use citations so that your outline will show the quality of your research.
I.A. Restate prompt (not word for word). The oil industry is accused of buying influence with mass media outlets in order to shape public opinion on the causes of global warming..
B. Thesis statement: Man-made pollution is the primary cause of global warming, and people must expose the lies they have been fed.
C. The Paris Climate Change conference show that there isnow worldwide concern on this important issue.(NY Times, p. 85)
D. First they denied it was happening, and then, losing that fight, denied fossil fuels contribute. (Redmond, p. 3)
II.Topic Sentence: Serious scientists believe that greenhouse gas emissions are the cause of global warming.
B. Study by MIT about melting glaciers shows relation between melt and automobile usage (Jones, p. 323)
- give details
C. Study by govt. task force showssteady curve…(Survaint p. 421)
-(give details)
III.Topic sentence: Rising sea levels threaten low lying coastal areas
B. Maldives sea levels have forced thousands to relocate inland. (Fredrick, p 310)give details about what’s happened, impact on survival
C. Florida Key’s are losing area, impacting tourism. (Smithsonian study, p 43) -Even though Florida politicians have made it against the law to use the word climate change. (Rogers, p 4) -Dim future for tourism, according to State study of vacation patterns (JSTOR, p 8)
IV. Conclusion etc, come back to the prompt as you are summing your argument up
Try
the search yourself (I realize the link info is complicated. Just put
it into your browser and you should come up with 23 links. The article
that I chose was the second article listed. The title begins "An Outpost
of Strength. The Los Angeles Times..."
Please read
this article because it relates to the other article that you're reading
today. It's a look at the role the newspaper played during those days.
Remember:
I got these results when I changed my search terms from Watts Riots to
Watts Rebellion. Think about why that made a difference (I have my
thoughts on this matter).
Students: Your assignments for tomorrow are as follows: 1.
Using the school's search engines (and Google Scholar if necessary),
find two good scholarly sources for your research paper. Turn in the
steps you went through to find the source (search terms, links, etc.)
and create a citation for each. Also, find one good newspaper or
magazine source, using the same method. 2.
Also, read the article below for tomorrow's class. It is an article
published in the Los Angeles Times this past summer on the 50th
Anniversary of the Watts Riots. The article looks back at how the paper
covered the Riots when they happened.
*Everyone must write a one-paragraph summation of the article. If you still need to present to the class, you can answer the following questions, and present your answers to the class. a. What is the reason for the "then-and-now" approach to this article. b. What kind of responses did the paper solicit from leaders of the day (in 1965)? c.
When these writers examine the progress LA has made concerning the
issues that triggered the events, how do they size things up? d. If someone read this article without knowing anything about the Riots, how much useful information do think they'd get? The Watts Riots: What the Editorial Board Thought Then By Scott Martelle
On
the early evening of Aug. 11, 1965, what should have been a routine DUI
arrest by a California Highway Patrol motorcycle cop turned into one of
the nation’s worst urban riots with 34 people killed, more than 1,000
reported injured, at least 200 buildings destroyed by fire and more than
400 structures damaged by looters and arsonists. It wasn’t the first
riot during those fractious times -- Harlem and Philadelphia erupted the previous year -- nor the deadliest -- Detroit would take that honor two years later -- but its scope and brutality jarred the nation.
The
Times editorial board, naturally, weighed in on the events, and reading
those editorials a half-century later gives one the sense of a board
both caught by surprise at the depth of frustration among the city’s
African Americans and oblivious to the role the Los Angeles Police Department played
in feeding it. The first editorial didn’t seem to recognize race as a
key ingredient in the fast-growing unrest, though the board caught up by
the second editorial.
The
board at the time was deeply supportive of the city police department
and stood firmly with Chief William Parker in his overwhelmed efforts to
quell the violence -- something that took the National Guard and five
days of violent venting to achieve. Soon, commissions spotlighted the underlying problems and frustrations that culminated in such a communal expression of rage.
The
board is different now of course, as are the times. But I’ve been
wondering how today’s board would have responded were we transported
back to 1965. My guess is we’d offer more nuanced support for the
police, recognizing the central role the department plays in maintaining
public safety, but also cognizant of its shortcomings and failures. And
while recognizing the persistent underlying problems of segregation and
inequality, we likely would have condemned a community resorting to
violence. But who knows for sure -- and it’s a series of editorials I
hope we never have to write.
Here are those days of rage as viewed by the board then, trailed out in chronological order beginning 50 years ago today:
A Summer Carnival of Riot (Aug. 13)
A
hot night, an area of simmering tension, a routine police arrest of a
drunk driving suspect -- and suddenly Los Angeles is faced with a
full-scale riot and boastful threats of more to come.
Was
what happened in south Los Angeles during the sultry evening and early
morning hours Wednesday and Thursday only the first act of an explosive
drama?
Civil,
welfare, and law enforcement authorities moved Thursday with
commendable speed, in a variety of ways, to try to damp down this
danger. How successful they were is, at this writing, not known. But if
self-proclaimed “spokesmen” in the south Los Angeles area can be taken
at their word, the job of those seeking to prevent further disorders
won’t be easy.
The
facts of what occurred the other evening are simple enough. Police
attempting to do their duty were interfered with, a mob quickly formed,
rioting erupted. The area where all this took place has a predominantly
Negro population. But there is no reason to believe that the outbreak
was, in any sense, a race riot.
The
mob that ran wild did not attack only whites, or even police.
Indiscriminately, bystanders were assaulted and injured.
Indiscriminately, vehicles were stoned. Newsmen were attacked, stores
were looted, at least one auto was burned. Of the 34 arrests made, seven
were on charges of assault with a deadly weapon.
Explanations
for the orgy of lawlessness are not hard to find. It took place in an
atmosphere where the potential for violence is high, in weather
conducive to such outbreaks. The members of the largely-youthful mob
were undoubtedly filled with a variety of discontents and grievances of
long standing. The events of the evening provided the opportunity to
give their discontents irrational expression.
Uniformed
police, representing authority and the society from which the youths no
doubt feel estranged, were the first targets. But in short order anyone
came to serve as a victim. As always happens in such carnivals of
hell-raising, the innocent, particularly the residents of the area,
quickly became sufferers.
What
happened the other night may well have been symptomatic of more serious
underlying conditions, which should and are being treated. But the
immediate concern remains adequate law-enforcement, to make the streets
safe, day and night. The police are doing their job, and doing it well.
They need -- must have -- the support of all citizens if they are truly
to succeed.
Anarchy Must End (Aug. 14)
Race rioting has brought anarchy to a crowded area of south Los Angeles. Terrorism is spreading.
Whatever its root causes, the chaos which has gripped the city for three days and three nights must be halted forthwith.
If
the National Guardsmen belatedly sent to the relief of Chief Parker’s
outnumbered police, sheriff’s deputies and California Highway Patrolmen
are not enough, additional hundreds must be provided at once.
Now
that kid-glove measures have failed, the sternest possible steps must
be taken to quell the madness before mob violence becomes mass murder.
During this all-out effort, citizens are requested to stay out of the
riot area. If they live in the vicinity, they are strongly urged to
remain in their homes.
Only after sanity is restored can there be any meaningful talk about long-range cures of the basic problems involved.
A Time for Prayer (Aug. 15)
There are no words to express the shock, the sick horror, that a civilized city feels at a moment like this.
It
could not happen in Los Angeles. But it did. And the shameless,
senseless, bloody rioting continues unabated after the four ugliest days
in our history.
Decent citizens everywhere, regardless of color, can only pray that this anarchy will soon end.
Meanwhile
the community, watching, waiting, praying, becomes aware each moment of
the debt owed its heroic law enforcement and fire fighting personnel.
These men deserve the highest praise for their splendid efforts under
unbelievably difficult conditions.
Those
people living in the riot areas who have been helping to care for the
wounded and injured also deserve the gratitude of the city.
Fortunately
the law enforcement personnel have been joined by major units of the
National Guard. Now, as on Wednesday night, the first grim order of
business is to put down what amounts to civil insurrection, using every
method available.
After
that we can count the cost, salve our wounds, and seek some way to
prevent forever the recurrence of another such appalling act.
[NOTE:
There was no editorial on the rioting on Aug. 16, but the board made up
for it with two the next day, one looking outward at the recently
signed Voting Rights Act of 1965 --
wrapped together in the editorial with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 --
and the other assessing, again, the damage to the city, what it meant,
and suggesting a path forward.
Who Will Now Share the Load (Aug. 17)
One
hundred years after the Emancipation Proclamation, the American Negro,
most classically underprivileged of all U.S. minorities, has won his
battle for civil rights and lawful freedoms.
His victory came through the selfless efforts of a heavy congressional majority which passed the Civil Rights Acts of 1964-65.
It
appeared, this summer, that the moment had arrived for consolidation of
these overdue gains, for application in fact of these legal principles.
Meanwhile
responsible leaders of the general public, headed by President Johnson,
and of the national Negro community urged that Negroes proceed in
orderly fashion to secure still other advantages so long denied them:
better education, better jobs, better housing.
With
ironic prophecy, in a column written on the eve of Los Angeles’ racial
holocaust, Roy Wilkins of the NAACP wondered: “Will Negro citizens now
pitch in for the unglamorous work, out of the spotlight, that will
prepare and send the individual Negro through the doors that have been
opened?”
He
concluded: “The sober majority in the Negro community and in its
leadership will distinguish itself in the degree that it adapts to the
new era.”
Now that a precarious peace has been established in the ravaged area, certain basic truths should be recognized:
-
What happened here was not the doing of the Negro majority in Los
Angeles. Far from it. Innocent Negroes were among the saddest victims of
the burning and looting.
- It would be wrong to allow the riots to impede steady progress on the legitimate civil rights front.
Nevertheless,
in the white heat of emotions generated in recent days, there will be a
tendency for some to lash out against the Negro community in general,
against the “situation” that let all this develop.
A
terrible responsibility rests upon white and Negro alike, to chart both
the immediate and long-range courses that must be followed if we are to
emerge from the present crisis without precipitating another.
To
a sobering degree, this burden falls upon the spokesmen for the Negro
community, whose voices have not always contributed to the understanding
so badly needed today.
Even
by inference, none should condone the criminals terrorism, or dismiss
it as the inevitable result of economic and sociological pressures.
President
Johnson said it well on Sunday: “There is no greater wrong, in our
democracy, than violent, willful disregard of law. If men live decently
it is because obedience to legal process saved their lives and allowed
them to enlarge those lives.”
In
his speech June 4 at Howard University, a predominantly Negro
institution, Mr. Johnson looked ahead to “the next great battle in the
civil rights movement” – “to shatter forever, not only the barriers of
law and public practice, but the walls which bound the conditions of man
by the color of his skin.”
That effort, tragically, may have been set back to an incalculable degree.
It
need not necessarily be so. But only the genuine, whole-souled effort
of all concerned, whatever their ethnic origin, will determine whether
we can abandon narrow racial politics in favor of an enlightened
area-wide approach to this crushing problem.
A City Demands the Answers (Aug. 17)
Los
Angeles’ long ordeal of bloodshed and destruction finally appears to be
ending. And in its wake a stunned city demands to know how it could
happen here -- and how another such nightmare can be prevented.
A
large section of South Los Angeles lies gutted and pillaged. Tens of
thousands of persons face hunger and privation as the result of the
senseless rioting.
Somehow they must be fed. Somehow the stores and businesses upon which they depended must be rebuilt. But how?
The
official leadership not always evident during the height of the crisis
must now be exerted forcefully to assure the safety of all citizens and
to help the riot’s direct and indirect victims.
Gov.
Brown should move without delay to appoint a citizens’ commission of
the highest quality to conduct a thorough independent inquiry into the
causes and circumstances of the riot.
The
commission must determine why National Guard troops were not more
quickly dispatched to the riot area once it became obvious local law
enforcement officers were over-extended. Whether the delay was the
result of some official’s hesitation or inadequate presence of soldiers
in sizeable numbers probably could have had a material effect upon the
course of the rioting.
The
commission should be cautious of irresponsible criticism of the Los
Angeles Police Department and its chief, William H. Parker, which only
detracts from the courage and effectiveness of the city’s police and
fire personnel under incredibly difficult circumstances. Nonetheless,
the commission should concern itself with the possible need of better
communications between law enforcement and the Negro community, so that
doubts and suspicions can no longer be inflamed into bloody defiance of
all law and order.
It
seems clear that the re-establishment of peace and order in the riot
area and the continued protection of the rest of the city will require
an increase in the size of the police department.
Finally,
immediate and long-range action must be taken to restore South Los
Angeles. The owners of businesses destroyed by rioters must not only be
helped to rebuild but also given guarantees that they will be protected
and that some means be found to indemnify them against future disorders.
The
effects of the South Los Angeles riots will not be easily erased. But
out of the rubble must come positive plans and action which will assure
that these days and nights of terror will not return.
If you need to do another reading presentation, prepare by answering the following question:
a. What does the essay present as the underlying cause of the rebellion
b. Do you think that anyone could have controlled the fury once it got started?
c. Do you think that the problems that existed justified the violent response?
d. What does the symbolism of American troops occupying an American city mean to you?
Watts Riots
During and before WWII, Watts had a huge population boom. Thousands of Blacks came from the South looking for jobs and a better life. However, they found unemployment and despair.
The Watts Riots began on the evening of August 11, 1965. Near Watts, a Black resident flagged down a white officer and told him that a man had drove by recklessly. The white officer pulled over the car that he had been told about on 116th and Avalon, an area Southwest of Watts. The driver was Marquette Frye. He was driving with his brother, Ronald. According to the police, Marquette failed a sobriety test and the white officer told him he would be arrested for drunk driving and that his car would be towed. It was an extremely hot evening and many of the Black residents of the area were outside and watched as this occurred.
Marquette’s brother, Ronald, left the scene to get his mother at their house two blocks away. He went to get her so she could claim the car so that it would not be towed. Marquette and the police man began to argue as he was arrested. There was some shoving involved and about 75 people from the neighborhood gathered around to watch what was happening. Ronald came back with his mother. The police still had not brought Marquette under control. Ronald and his mother, according to the police, tried to protect Marquette from the police officer. By this time, about 300 people had surrounded the scene. The officer, with backup, arrested Marquette, Ronald, and their mother. The crowd was very upset at this point, and someone spit on one of the cops. The cop arrested this person as well, and the people were infuriated. This crowd of people started off the riots. They destroyed buildings and looted stores that night. The rioting quickly spread to Watts.
The next day, community leaders and the police met at Athens Park. Many community leaders encouraged people to be peaceful. Mrs. Frye, the mother of Marquette, also said that people should calm down. One teenager stepped to the microphone and told people that the rioting would not stop and that the rioters were going to invade the white parts of the city that night. The media and news stations reported this, but did not report on all of the peaceful speakers. As would be expected, the rioting continued. The National Guard was called in to help support the police.
On the third day of the riots, 103rd St. in Watts was burned to the ground. It was named by the residents there “Charcoal Alley.” This day also marked the spread of the riots to other parts of South Central, especially up Central Ave. Looting continued and snipers began to take out police and the National Guard. The police responded with brutal force, killing many. The rioting spread elsewhere. San Diego rioted for three days. There were riots in Pasadena, Pacoima, Monrovia, Long Beach, and Wilmington.
In the end, 34 people died. 118 people suffered gunshot wounds. Most people were killed by the LAPD and the National Guard. There was over $40 million in damages. After the riots, “white flight” occurred. Thousands of white residents in the areas around Watts, such as Compton, South Central, and Inglewood, left Los Angeles in fear. Many Black residents left Watts to these other areas.
The McCone Commission, a government study into the riots, found that people rioted because of unemployment, bad schools and education, and prior instances of police brutality. This is true, but the deeper reason for rioting was racism and the lack of power people had over their life.
